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Paul Stephenson, 87, Dies; Advanced Britain’s Civil Rights Movement
The bus boycott and one-man pub sit-in that he led in the mid-1960s helped pave the way for a law outlawing discrimination in public places.
Paul Stephenson, a British civil rights activist who led a boycott of city buses in Bristol, England, in 1963 that helped usher in the nation’s first Race Relations Act, outlawing discrimination in public places, died on Nov. 2. He was 87.
His family said in a statement that the cause was Parkinson’s disease and dementia. The statement did not say where he died.
Britain’s civil rights movement of the 1960s is less well known, and had less impact, than the epochal struggles in the American South that produced sweeping laws banning segregation and protecting voting rights. But the themes and even some dates in Britain are a historical rhyme to events that occurred in the U.S.
The boycott of the Bristol Omnibus Company spearheaded by Mr. Stephenson ended in victory on Aug. 28, 1963 — the very day that the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” speech in Washington.
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Mr. Stephenson drew inspiration from Rosa Parks’s refusal to give up her seat on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Ala., in 1955, which touched off a far-reaching boycott of city buses by Black riders. In 1964, he staged a one-man sit-in at a Bristol pub that refused to serve him because of his race. His arrest by eight officers and the subsequent trial made national news in England; a headline on the front page of The Daily Express read, “The Man Who Refused to Say Please for His Beer.”
The bus boycott and the pub sit-in drew the attention of Harold Wilson, the Labour Party leader, who pushed through the Race Relations Act in 1965 when he was prime minister.
“The Bristol bus boycott and Mr. Stephenson’s own case,” The Independent wrote in 2005, “helped to thrust race into the national limelight and change public opinion about the treatment of Blacks and Asians living in Britain.”
The significant presence of racial minorities was a relatively new phenomenon in Britain in the 1960s, a result of immigration from Commonwealth nations in the Caribbean, Africa and Asia. Casual racial prejudice was commonplace. In 1964, it was legal to discriminate in hiring, housing and public accommodations on the basis of skin color.
Mr. Stephenson, the son of a Black father from West Africa and a racially mixed English mother, grew up and went to school in nearly all-white environments. He was bolder and more savvy about public relations than leaders of the West Indian immigrant community in Bristol, where he was employed as a social worker.
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The city’s bus company had no nonwhite drivers or conductors. In April 1963, replying to an ad for new conductors in The Bristol Evening Post, Mr. Stephenson scheduled an interview for a Jamaican immigrant friend. He spoke on the phone in his flawless English accent, which gave no hint of race.
When the applicant showed up, he was sent away with a curt “We don’t employ Black people.”
Mr. Stephenson called a news conference to denounce what he called the bus company’s “color bar.” He urged a boycott to end discriminatory hiring, a practice supported by the transport workers union. He sued a union official for libeling him in a newspaper as “irresponsible and dishonest.”
At the time, Bristol was a city of 425,000 with a Black population of only about 3,000. But residents of all races observed the boycott, walking or cycling to work and marching in protests. High-profile politicians voiced support.
In the news media, Mr. Stephenson explicitly invoked the example of American racism in the Deep South and the U.S. civil rights movement, which was then drawing worldwide attention, often over the violent backlash of the white authorities. When London reporters trekked to Bristol and echoed that framing in their coverage, local officials were embarrassed.
At a protest near a statue of the moral philosopher Edmund Burke, Mr. Stephenson ripped into the bus company. “They have projected the image of the Black man as a bogeyman, and the threat of a
colored invasion,” he said, as reported by The Times of London.
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Paul Stephenson OBE (6 May 1937 – 2 November 2024) was a British community worker, activist and long-time campaigner for civil rights for the British African-Caribbean community in Bristol, England.
As a young social worker, in 1963 Stephenson led a boycott of the Bristol Omnibus Company, protesting against its refusal to employ Black or Asian drivers or conductors. After a 60-day boycott supported by thousands of Bristolians, the company revoked its colour bar in August. In 1964 Stephenson achieved national fame when he refused to leave a public house until he was served, resulting in a trial on a charge of failing to leave a licensed premises. His campaigns were instrumental in paving the way for the first Race Relations Act, in 1965.[1] Stephenson was a Freeman of the City of Bristol and was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2009.[2]
Early life
[edit]Stephenson was born in Rochford, Essex, on 6 May 1937, to a West African father and a British mother. His maternal grandmother Edie Johnson was a well known actress in the 1920s.[3] At the age of three, he was evacuated to a care home in Great Dunmow, Essex, where he stayed for seven years.[4] He received his secondary education at Forest Gate Secondary School in London, where he was the only black pupil.[5] Service in the Royal Air Force followed, from 1953 to 1960. Stephenson gained a Diploma in Youth and Community Work from Westhill College of Education, Birmingham, in 1962, and then moved to Bristol to work as a youth officer for Bristol City Council,[5] becoming the city's first black social worker.[6]
Bus boycott
[edit]In January 1955 the Passenger group, that is the section representing those working in Passenger Transport, of the local branch of the Transport and General Workers Union had passed a resolution that "coloured workers should not be employed as bus crews" by the Bristol Omnibus Company.[7] The Bristol Evening Post ran a series of articles in 1961 exposing this colour bar.[8] The union publicly denied the bar, but the company general manager, Ian Patey, did admit it. He attempted to justify the company policy by stating in a meeting with the city's Joint Transport Committee that he "had 'factual evidence' that the introduction of coloured crews in other cities downgraded the job, causing existing (white) staff to go elsewhere."[9]
Several members of the city's West Indian community set up an organisation, the West Indian Development Council, to fight discrimination of this sort, aided by Stephenson, who was the city's first black youth officer.[8] In 1963 Stephenson established that the bus company was indeed operating a colour bar and inspired by the example of Rosa Parks' refusal to move off a "whites only" bus seat in Montgomery, Alabama, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott, a Bristol Bus Boycott was organised.[10][11]
As an articulate and university-educated person, Stephenson became spokesman for the boycott, which soon attracted nationwide media interest, and the campaign grew to receive support from Bristolians of all colours, and from Tony Benn, MP for Bristol East, and Harold Wilson, leader of the Labour opposition. After 60 days, on 28 August 1963 (the same day that Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C.),[12] the bus company capitulated and in September Raghbir Singh became Bristol's first non-white bus conductor.[13]
In August 2014, a plaque was unveiled inside Bristol Bus Station commemorating the bus boycott.[14]
Further career
[edit]
In the following year Stephenson achieved national prominence when he refused to leave a public house, the Bay Horse pub in Bristol, without being served. The bar manager reportedly told Stephenson, "We don't want you black people in here – you are a nuisance." Stephenson was arrested and charged with failing to leave a licensed premises. The case attracted media attention, and the Bristol Evening Post ran the story with the headline "West Indian leader made a fool of himself." At his trial in a magistrate's court, prosecutors alleged that he had behaved aggressively, but witness accounts refuted this claim. The case was dismissed and the barman was dismissed by his employers.[4][5][15]
Following this, Stephenson left Bristol to work in Coventry as a Senior Community Relations Officer. In 1972, he went to London to work for the Commission for Racial Equality.[1] While in London, he worked with boxer Muhammad Ali setting up the Muhammad Ali Sports Development Association in Brixton, and also set up the Cleo Laine Schools' Music Awards from 1977 to 1982 with Cleo Laine and John Dankworth.[16] In 1975, Stephenson was appointed to the Sports Council and campaigned prominently against sporting contacts with apartheid South Africa. He became honorary president of Bristol's West Indian Parents' Association in 1979 and in 1981 was appointed to the Press Council.[5]
On his return to live in Bristol in 1992, Stephenson helped set up the Bristol Black Archives Partnership (BBAP), which "protects and promotes the history of African-Caribbean people in Bristol."[17] It was initiated when he placed his own personal archives with Bristol Record Office for safekeeping.[18]
His autobiography, Memoirs of a Black Englishman, was published in 2012.[19]
Death
[edit]Stephenson died on 2 November 2024, at the age of 87. He had Parkinson's disease and dementia in his final years.[20][19]
Awards and honours/legacy
[edit]
In 1988, Stephenson received the Bristol City Council Community Award for Achievement and Services Rendered to the Black Community and the West Indian Community Publishers Award. Further awards he was given include the Bristol West African and Caribbean Council Community Achievers' Award (1996), and the city council's One Person Can Make a Difference Award (2006).[21][22]
In 2007, Stephenson was granted the Freedom of the City of Bristol, being the first black person to be so honoured.[23] The citation stated: "Paul Stephenson has devoted his life to improving race relations and encouraging community involvement and is a founder member of the Bristol Black Archives Project which has contributed greatly to an understanding of the history of the City and has helped to build closer relations between all the communities of Bristol."[24]
In 2009, he was given an OBE "for his services to equal opportunities and to community relations in Bristol".[25] He received honorary degrees from the University of the West of England (Master of Education) in November 2009, "in recognition of his substantial contribution to pioneering work in race relations and the extension of opportunity to socially excluded young people",[21] and the University of Bristol (Doctor of Law) in July 2014 "for his dedication to fighting for equality and civil rights across Bristol and around the world for over 60 years".[26][27]
In November 2017, Stephenson received a Pride of Britain Award for Lifetime Achievement,[28] presented to him by Lenny Henry, who said: "It is a well-known saying that to achieve greatness you have to stand on the shoulders of giants. You really are a giant. So without you, there wouldn't be any black or Asian politicians."[29] The judges' citation said: "Thanks to Paul's courage, principles and determination, Britain is a more open and tolerant place today. He has changed the way we all live for the better, and his story reminds us that the battle for civil rights was not confined to America."[12]
In June 2020, following the toppling of the Edward Colston statue in central Bristol by Black Lives Matter protestors, a campaign began to replace the statue with one of Paul Stephenson.[30][31] On 20 October 2020, Great Western Railway named one of its Intercity Express Trains (800 036) in Stephenson's honour at a ceremony at Bristol Temple Meads station.[32]
On 8 November 2024 he was featured on BBC Radio 4's Last Word programme.[33]
Archives and personal papers
[edit]Photographs, newspaper cuttings, letters and other miscellaneous items relating to Paul Stephenson and the 40th anniversary commemorations of the Bristol Bus Boycott campaign are held by Bristol Archives,[34] as are the Bristol Black Archives Partnership collections,[35]
Books
[edit]- Paul Stephenson OBE with Lilleith Morrison, Memoirs of a Black Englishman (Foreword by Tony Benn), Tangent Books, 2011, ISBN 978-1-906477-39-4.
References
[edit]- ^ a b "UWE honorary degree for Bristol race campaigner Paul Stephenson" Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Bristol Post, 26 November 2009.
- ^ United Kingdom "No. 58929". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 31 December 2008. p. 12.
- ^ Dresser, 1986, p. 15.
- ^ a b Andrews, Kehinde (1 October 2020). "Paul Stephenson: the hero who refused to leave a pub – and helped desegregate Britain". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Paul Stephenson –Biography" (PDF). Black Bristolians. Ethnic Minority Achievement Service South Gloucestershire Consortium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
- ^ "Black History Month: The men who made history in Britain", BBC Newsround, 27 October 2017.
- ^ Dresser, 1986, p. 12.
- ^ a b Dresser, 1986, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Dresser, 1986, pp. 19–20.
- ^ Dresser, 1986, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Kelly, Jon (27 August 2013). "What was behind the Bristol bus boycott?". BBC News Magazine.
- ^ a b Clarke-Billings, Lucy (7 November 2017), "Civil rights pioneer Paul Stephenson wins Pride of Britain Award for integral part in Britain's civil rights movement", Daily Mirror.
- ^ Dresser, 1986, pp. 47–50.
- ^ "Bristol bus boycott marked with commemorative plaque", BBC News, 28 August 2014.
- ^ Verkaik, Robert (8 November 2005). "40 years on, due credit for civil rights pioneer". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2009 – via FindArticles.
- ^ "Paul Stephenson Collection" (Sources on Bristol African-Caribbean People at Bristol Record Office through the Bristol Black Archives Partnership), A Guide to African-Caribbean Sources in Bristol's Museums, Galleries & Archives, 2008, pp. 25–26.
- ^ "Bristol's black history preserved". BBC Bristol. 24 September 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
- ^ "The Bristol Black Archives Partnership (BBAP)", A Guide to African-Caribbean Sources in Bristol's Museums, Galleries & Archives, pp. 3, 25–26. Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Ambrose, Tom (3 November 2024). "Paul Stephenson, campaigner known for Bristol bus boycott, dies aged 87". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ "Bristol Bus Boycott: Civil rights campaigner Dr Paul Stephenson dies aged 87". BBC News. 3 November 2024.
- ^ a b "UWE awards honorary degree to Paul Stephenson OBE". UWE Bristol News. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ Staff writer (26 November 2009). "Bristol race campaigner Paul Stephenson UWE degree". Bristol Evening Post. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^ "Dr Paul Stephenson: Civil rights campaigner and leading figure of Bristol Bus Boycott dies". Sky News. 3 November 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
- ^ "Proposal to confer the honour of the Freedom of the City on Paul Stephenson" (PDF). Bristol City Council. 4 December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
- ^ "Paul Stephenson, OBE". University of Bristol. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
- ^ "Honorary Degree Awarded at the University of Bristol". University of Bristol press release. 18 July 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ Budd, Samantha (18 July 2014). "Paul Stephenson, OBE". Retrieved 11 June 2020.
- ^ Yong, Michael (7 November 2017), "Bristol's Paul Stephenson who changed the course of history set to be honoured, 54 years later", Bristol Post.
- ^ Ballinger, Alex (7 November 2017), "This is why Paul Stephenson a Bristol legend just won a Pride of Britain award", Bristol Post.
- ^ Grimshaw, Emma (7 June 2020). "Petition calls for statue of Bristol civil rights activist Paul Stephenson to be erected in Colston's place". Bristol Post. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ Drewett, Zoe (8 June 2020), "Petition to replace Edward Colston statue with man who led Bristol Bus Boycott", Metro.
- ^ "Bristol's Dr Paul Stephenson has train named in his honour". BBC News. 30 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
- ^ "Last Word - Quincy Jones, Janey Godley, Lyudmila Trut, Dr Paul Stephenson - BBC Sounds". www.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Papers of Mr Paul Stephenson, 1963 - 2007 | Reference number 42840". Bristol Archives. Online catalogue.
- ^ "A Guide to African-Caribbean Sources at Bristol Record Office, multiple collections noted" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2015.
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After four months, the bus company capitulated. It declared a policy of “complete integration” in hiring. The transit workers union also voted for integration.
“However obscure the dispute remains today,” BBC News Magazine wrote in 2013, “Britain’s post-colonial legacy was shaped by its contortions.”
Mr. Stephenson was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 2009 for his role in overturning racial barriers. In 2020, the Great Western Railway named an express train after him.
Paul Stephenson was born on May 6, 1937, in Rochford, Essex County, in the east of England. When he was 3, he was placed in a group home with seven white children, where he lived for seven years.
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In 1947, still in foster care, he moved to London and attended a secondary school where he was the only Black student. He joined the Royal Air Force in 1953 and served until 1960. He then attended Westhill College in Birmingham, where he studied sociology and community development. In 1962, he found a job teaching migrant youth in Bristol.
After the bus boycott, Mr. Stephenson was invited to the U.S. by the N.A.A.C.P. He met Louis Farrakhan, the fiery Black nationalist, in New York and then traveled to the South.
Back home, he met Joyce Annakie, a Jamaican-born psychiatric nurse, and married her in 1965. The couple had two children, Paul Jr. and Fumi, who survive him.
His wife died in 2019. Complete information on survivors was not immediately available.
In the 1970s and ’80s, Mr. Stephenson campaigned for racial equality and against apartheid in South Africa before moving to London to work for the Commission for Racial Equality. In 1992, he returned to Bristol, where he called on the city to face up to its history as a major debarkation port of ships transporting African slaves to the New World in the 18th century.
A week before his death, a plaque honoring Mr. Stephenson was installed at the Bay Horse pub, which had refused to serve him in 1964. The plaque recognizes his “one-man sit-in,”
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